Essay on Internet Privacy - Invasion of Privacy on the...

Invasion of Privacy on the Internet Invasion of privacy is a serious issue concerning the Internet, as e-mails can be read if not encrypted, and cookies can track a user and store personal information. Lack of privacy policies and employee monitoring threatens security also. Individuals should have the right to protect themselves as much as possible from privacy invasion and shouldnt have to give in to lowered standards of safety being pursued by the government. Encryption is the best and most convenient way to ensure that e-mails and other files transferred via the Internet are kept private during transfer. The widespread use of strong encryption technology is essential to protect consumers and businesses against†¦show more content†¦It would also extend to remotely stored electronic information the same protections that exist now for information stored in the home, requiring a court order or subpoena to obtain the decryption key. Another problem is the ability of cookies to watch and keep track of the computer user. Cookies are electronic snapshots transmitted between a web server and the browser software and then stored on the client machine. Cookies enable a web page to adjust its display or other configuration options for particular users, but they can also be used to trace exactly what documents a user accesses on the site. They can develop a user profile, and many feel this capability is an invasion of privacy. Cookies can operate quietly in the background and collect information about an Internet user without his or her knowledge. Hundreds of companies violate the privacy of Internet users by accumulating and selling information about the visitors to their websites. This is often done without the knowledge or consent of the user. Another invasion of privacy is the lack of privacy policies among companies or surveys. There are increasing numbers of businesses that have websites that require visitors to provide very personal information, without offering any assurance that the information will be protected and kept private. Many sites for kids, such as Kidscom, are expecting children to provide information they shouldnt have to give whenShow MoreRelatedInternet Privacy.1148 Words   |  5 PagesSolutions for Violations of Internet Privacy. In the past thirty years computer technology has been developing very rapidly. Internet in last decade has revolutionized the way how we conduct our lives and businesses. Internet has become a daily necessity we cannot live without. Development of Internet and wireless technologies together with advancement in miniature technology has made it possible for us to have access the internet on the go. Every year we expect new and more advance modelsRead MoreIts War in the Cyber-World Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pages The new internet legislation acts, SOPA and PIPA, are creating serious disputes between internet corporations and national authorities. Those acts seem to be hindering global freedom of expression, which goes against the bases of the concept of the cyber-world. The internet has proved to be one of the most revolutionary concept and tool of the century taking communication and sharing of information to a whole new level. From education to arts and politics, people have access to knowledge with littleRead MoreEmployee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Employee privacy rights have been the topic of great debate in recent years. This essay will examine: the definition of privacy, employers rights to access activities done in the workplace, to whom the resources such as time and equipment belong, and employee monitoring as an invasion of privacy or a performance evaluation tool. These are the core issues of the employee privacy rights controversy. Employee privacy rights should only be applicable to the personalRead MorePrivacy Is Overrated Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal information can be beneficial, while others believe its a failure of security and an invasion of privacy. This topic has started many heated debates which both sides have very strong arguments. But, overall the negatives outweigh the positives in people accessing personal information. One of the people with an opposing opinion on the topic is David Plotz writer and editor for â€Å"Slate†. In his essay â€Å"Privacy is Overrated† he describes his situation with James Mentz Group, a leading corporation investigationRead MoreEthics And Ethical Impacts Of Information And Communication Technology702 Words   |  3 PagesThere are various areas in which ethics and laws have extremely impacted the regulation and use of Information Systems. Over the years of the existence of the internet and Information Systems, there have been cases reported of an individual’s privacy being breached by another person who has access to this information within an IS. To iterate this, quoting from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: â€Å"In most countries of the world, the â€Å"information revolution† has altered many aspects of life significantly:Read MoreEssay on A Critique of â€Å"the Undercover Parent† by Harlan Coben1426 Words   |  6 Pa geseither; he thinks parents are wrong to pry into children’s privacy world. However, he found out that there is no mistake for parents to download any software in their own computers, and there is nothing wrong for parents to protect their kids. Harlan Coben said use spyware to surveillance kids’ private world is â€Å"Scary. But a good idea. Most parents won’t even consider it.† Because they think if children are old enough to go on the Internet, they will old enough to know the dangers; they think usingRead More`` Invading Our Privacy `` : How Technology Can Make People Expose Their Privacy Online1217 Words   |  5 PagesPrivate privacy is personal information that people keep secret from the public; it also means to refrain people from knowing about them or their situations. Many companies and businesses wants to protect people from hackers and thieves from using their information, such as Social Security and credit card barcodes; consequently, hack ers use people’s information to buy illegal products or to expose explicit information from their social media pages to the public. Other suggested that personal privacyRead More`` Invading Our Privacy `` : How Technology Can Make People Expose Their Privacy Online1300 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal privacy is personal information that people keep secret from the public. Many companies and businesses want to protect people from hackers and thieves from using their information, such as Social Security and credit card barcodes, to buy products online or expose their social media pages. However, the public concludes that personal privacy does not exist when the government is watching them. David Plotz, a writer and deputy editor of Slate, wrote an essay entitled â€Å"Privacy is Overrated†Read MoreThe United States Federal Government Should Significantly Increase Protection Of Privacy Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pages Privacy The United States federal government should significantly increase protection of privacy in one or more of the following areas: employment, medical records, and consumer information. The question of workplace privacy is a tricky one; in order to come up with a workable solution, one must balance the separate, and often conflicting, needs and expectations of employers and employees. In this essay, three types of workplace privacy issues will be discussed: e-mailRead MoreIntroduction Presently, it is so much simpler and convenient to communicate with others than it was1000 Words   |  4 Pagesto become more interconnected and well-apprised. This essay attempts to examine some important impacts of new communication technology, as suggested by Rogers (1986). However, something that is so benevolent like new communication technology also has its own downside. The essay’s general approach will be identifying common problems that are caused by the increasing gap between the rich and the poor and also by increased invasions of privacy, then elaborating further by using examples of the two

Conflict Management and Dispute Resolution System Annotated Bibliography

Essays on Conflict Management and Dispute Resolution System Annotated Bibliography The paper "Conflict Management and Dispute Resolution System" is an amazing example of an annotated bibliography on management.Bendeman, Hanneli. "Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the workplace - the South African experience". African Journal on Conflict Resolution 7, no. 1 (2007): 137-161The journal takes a look at how South Africa is embracing the path of Alternative Dispute Resolution. According to this journal, the way out is to continue exploring the possibility of all alternatives that can dispense justice to all. Labor courts are used for resolving serious issues like unfair dismissal, strikes, and discrimination at workplaces. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 31, no. 4: (2014): 357-386. The journal talks about the processes of resolving conflict in the workplace. The processes have permeated many organizations in North America for the past thirty years. According to the author, arbitration and mediation processes were the first ones to be used in organizations. This article takes a look at the trends in workplace conflict management and the ADR education and proposes where the field should be in the coming years. Chambliss, Daniel F., and Russell K. Schutt. Making Sense of the Social World: Methods of Investigation. Los Angeles: Sage, 2003. The book is a student-friendly and engaging introduction to social research for students. It gives balanced coverage of qualitative and quantitative methods, providing substantive examples and some research techniques. It covers all essential elements of research methods, including causation, validity, and techniques of analysis. Cloke, K., and Goldsmith, J. Resolving Conf licts at Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000. Cloke and Goldsmith state that every conflict in the workplace produces an emotional response. However, most workplaces, as well as organizational cultures, require the workers to check their emotions when they enter their workplace or leave the emotions at home. According to this book, workers can temporarily hold back their emotions, but they cannot eliminate them completely. Coates, Mary Lou, Gary T. Furlong, and Bryan M. Downie. Conflict management and dispute resolution systems in Canadian nonunionized organizations. Kingston, Ont: IRC Press, 1997. The purpose of this book is to develop a better understanding of conflict management and dispute resolutions in the nonunionized workplaces in Canada. It tries to examine the role of conflict management and dispute resolution. It also takes a look at how employers are managing and resolving conflicts within their organizations.Colvin, Alexander J.S. "American workplace dispute resoluti on in the individual rights era". The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23, no. 3 (2012): 459-475. This article gives a theoretical conceptualization of the increase of alternative dispute resolution and the impact it has on the American employment relations in the individual rights era. It further examines the question of whether the new individual rights employment rights-based system has replaced the old one.Dickinson, David. Alternative dispute resolution. IZA World of Labor, (September 2014): 71. The article talks about alternative dispute resolution procedures. It produces procedures such as mediation and arbitration as the best ways of resolving contract, wage, and grievance disputes. However, the procedures lead to changing levels of success and acceptability of the results depending on their design.

Dylan Marlais Thomas Essay Example For Students

Dylan Marlais Thomas Essay This poem is a blatantly a sexual one, its underlying meaning though is one of religious conscience. In the opening stanza Thomas says that he could believe in sexual love and not fear the religious morality revolving around it: If I were tickled by the rub of love, A rooking girl who stole me for her side, Broke through her straws, breaking my bandaged string, If the red tickle as the cattle calve Still set to scratch a laughter from my lung, I would not fear the apple nor the flood Nor the bad blood of spring. In these lines Thomas talks about taking a girls virginity; Broke through her straws, breaking my bandaged string/ If the red tickle as the cattle calve. He goes onto say that he would discard the religious morality to enjoy himself and to indulge in a world of sexual intimacy; Still set to scratch a laughter from my lung/ I would not fear the apple nor the flood. Thomas was raised in a religious house, being taught at a young age that sexual desires were sins along with anything that had to do with them; this is why Thomas writes about the subject like he does. As seen in the third stanza when he refers to the devil in the loin: I would not fear the muscling-in of love If I were tickled by the urchin hungers Rehearsing heat upon a raw-edged nerve. I would not fear the devil in the loin Nor the outspoken grave. Here Thomas talks about masturbation the devil in the loin, referring to his penis, and how his connection to nature is stronger than his connection with religion (because he is not afraid). The phrase the devil in the loin, again associates the ideas of sex and sin, while the outspoken grave, everywhere announcing its victory(John Ackerman p89) Thomass sexual thought is surrounded by the guilt of religion as seen in the previous poems, here in the poem called Twenty-four Years we see the introduction of a new weariness of sexuality; death. Thomas immerses himself in the Freudian theme of the all-pervasive sexuality of existence and the implacable death drive that is the maggot within it. (encyclopedia of poetic analysis) Twenty-four years remind the tears of my eyes. (Bury the dead for fear that they walk to the grave in labour. ) In the groin of the natural doorway I crouched like a tailor Sewing a shroud for a journey By the light of the meat-eating sun. Dressed to die, the sensual strut begun, With my red veins full of money, In the final direction of the elementary town I advance as long as forever is. In this short but powerful poem, Thomas puts forth to the reader the thought that birth is just the beginning of death. The character in the poem is twenty-four and is reflecting back on his birthday, seeing it not as a celebration but as a murderous act; Bury the dead for fear that they walk to the grave in labour, this line talks of life as nothing but a walk to the grave. The thought that when one is born they walk through life awaiting to die at any moment, and life is nothing but this, one can see evidence of this in the lines; Dressed to die, the sensual strut begun and I advance as long as forever is. As one can see from reading the poems of Dylan Thomas he was, one could say obsessed with death. Death along with nature were intertwined themes reflecting each other throughout his works. Thomas places birth and death at the poles of his vision. His viewpoint is at once individual and universal I is also, and without transition, man and man is microcosmic. .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 , .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 .postImageUrl , .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 , .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204:hover , .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204:visited , .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204:active { border:0!important; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204:active , .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204 .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u246aceab5e2f97a70256676b3f5e3204:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Investigating the grammatical features of a child EssayThe individual birth, therefore, abuts immediately upon the cosmic genesis death, upon cosmic catastrophe. Seen thus absolutely, however, birth and death are instantaneous; time is, equally, timeless; so that human life is mortal and immortal, flesh has its ghostly counterpart; though the relationship of each in enigmatic (encyclopedia of poetic analysis). In April of 1936 Thomas met a girl by the name of Caitlin Macnamara, the two began living together after five consecutive days drinking companionship, and within a year the two were married. The couples first child; Llewelyn Edouard, was born on January 30th, 1939, and during this time Thomas had started to record radio broadcasts over the BBC which got him recognized as a highly acclaimed poet in the United States. In 1946 Thomas published Deaths and Entrances, this book exploded Thomass national popularity, leading to his first tour to the US in 1950. The intertwined relationship between birth and death is seen heavily in the poem Twenty-Four Years where the phenomenon of life is celebrated through sexuality. Furthermore this relationship is seen in the poem And Death Shall Have No Dominion, which was published in 1936, in 25 Poems, where liberation from death is not through religion, since Faith in their hands shall snap in two, but through nature (Ackerman 89). Though they sink through the sea they shall rise again; Though lovers be lost love shall not; And death shall have no dominion. In this passage we see Thomass strong belief in man being unified with nature. In these lines we understand that though people may seem to be dead though they sink through the sea they will rise again meaning that they will live on through their original womb; the earth. Also the reference to spirit being separate from the body though lovers be lost love shall not is seen in this line where the reader is to understand that eternal life exists in all of us and death is just the continuation of mortal life through nature, as seen in the last stanza of the poem light Breaks Where No Sun Shines where we see poetic symbolism of spirit living on through nature: Light breaks on secret lots, On tips of thought where thoughts smell in the rain; When logics die, The secret of the soil grows through the eye, And blood jumps in the sun; Above the waste allotments the dawn halts. On the contrary, the poem Do Not Go Gently Into That Good Night written in 1951 for his dieing father, shows Thomass anger toward death: Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. In the first line of the poem Thomas is protesting death saying that one should rage, rage against the dying of the light, fight to stay alive until the very end, this interpretation taken from the title/first line of the poem where the phrase good night is used as a symbol for death. The death of his father was a traumatizing experience for Thomas, and when an already heavy drinker took even more comfort with his lips to the bottle. Thomas eventually died of this comfort when on November 9th, 1953, Thomas died of an alcohol-induced coma at the age of 39. 1 John Ackerman, A Dylan Thomas Companion, p76 2 Thomas, Collected Letters, p. 39.

Depreciation Practice and Public Policymaking

Question: Discuss about the Depreciation Practice and Public Policymaking. Answer: Introduction: Auditing is a process where the auditors of a business take some samples of the financial documents of the business; and then test and verify them so that all the material misstatements can be identified, if any. After that, the auditors give their independent opinion about the audit result of that particular business. This whole process is called the planning and execution of audit program (Glover, Prawitt and Messier 2014). One of the main aspects of the audit program is to find the audit issues that give the necessary direction to the auditors. The auditors need to find out the hidden audit issues from the audit situation; and then, they need to mention it in the audit documents. Hence, it can be said that it is the utmost responsibility of the auditors to find out the audit issues so that they can be documented in the audit files and necessary actions can be taken. The given case study states that City Limited is one of the major property developers Australia. However, the main operation of the company is based in Brisbane. It is mentioned in the case study that an economic downturn is going on the central business district of business in the property development sector. Another reason that is supplying fuel in this economic downturn is the abundance of city office spaces. In this particular case, there is a lot of responsibility of the auditors and the first responsibility of the auditors is to identify the audit issues in the whole situation. Hence, in this regard, the responsibility or the job of the auditors is to conduct a detailed analysis on the total situation and find out the audit issues of the situation. There can be various reasons that lead to the downturn in the property development sector. Some of the reasons can be the high rate of unemployment; the high rate of interest in the home loans; a severe recession period in the econom y of the country; the halt in the rise in the population of the country; slowdown in the foreign investment; the change in the rules and regulations by the government and many others. In this case, the auditors need to find out which of the above reasons are the potential audit issues in the given situation (Seawright 2013). There are various kinds of reasons for which a business or organization considers to buy a new computer set or a new software. One of the basic reasons for the buying of a new computer is to smooth the various business operations of the organization. The given case study says that Web Limited has bought a new computer system for the organization. The company has bought the new system for two reason; they are to make the financial analysis of the company more effective and to improve the quality of management reporting. In this situation, some audit issues need to be identified by the auditor of the organization. The first aspect that the auditors need to consider is to verify the capability of the new computer system. This can be tested by running the new system so that it can be seen the system is assisting in the financial analysis and management reporting. Apart from this, there are various other audit issues that the auditors need to maintain. They are to manage the policies for the new system; to manage the access of the users; to manage the various kinds of security issues relating to the new system; to configure the networks and many others (Holm and Zaman 2012). These audit issues need to be considered by the auditors of Web Limited. Many crucial issues need to be considered at the time of opening a new overseas sales outlet. The provided case study states that Beauty Private Limited has established a new overseas sales outlet. The basic audit issue in this regard is to analyze and evaluate the possibility of profitability of the new outlet. On the other hand, it needs to be made sure that the transfer of the inventories will reduce the lead-time of the business. Reducing the lead-time is an important aspect as it helps to make the business more effective towards their customers. The auditors of the company should analyze that the strategy of free distribution of samples. This strategy needs to be perfect for the success of the business (Prawitt, Sharp, and Wood 2012). The auditors of Beauty Private Limited need consider these audit issues. Audit approach refers to a risk analysis methodology that analyzes the effects of envi0ronment in which they are operating. This is a part of the internal control of an organization. There are two types of audit approach. They are Test of Control Approach and Substantive Approach. Both these approaches cannot be used in the same condition. The nature of the situation demands the choice of the audit approach. These situations are discussed below: Test of Control Approach: Test of control approach is used to analyze the effectiveness of the business control that is used by the client for the prevention and detection of material misstatement in the financial reports of the company. The test of audit approach assists the auditors to decide whether to depend on the test system of control of the client or not. In case the auditors find that the system of control of the client is not effective and weak, then the auditor decides to adopt substantive audit approach that increase the cost of the whole audit program (Johnstone, Gramling and Rittenberg 2013). In the process of test of control approach, the auditors perform two three kinds of operations. They are re-performance, observation and inspection. The auditor does re-performance operation in order to identify the control used by the audit client and their effectiveness. In order to observe the control elements of a business process, the auditors use observation approach. In the inspection stage, the auditors use to test different kinds of documents to verify signatures, stamps and others. Substantive Approach: The auditors adopt substantive audit approach at the time of weak internal control system of the audit client. In substantive approach, the auditors use to test and verify all the business documents of the audited client without depending on the information provided by the management of the organization. The auditors place zero reliance on the control system and information of the audit client (Knechel 2016). In this case, the auditors have to organize a detailed analysis of the various business documents of the organization. This is the situation where substantive audit approach is applied. There are three kinds of risk in auditing. They are inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. Inherent risk is the kind of material misstatement that arises due to errors and omissions. There is not any part of internal control in this kind of risks. Control is the kind of risk that arises due to the lack of control system of the audit entity. Here is not any part of omissions or fraud in it. Detection risk is the kind of risk that arises due to the failure of the auditor to detect the material misstatement in the financial documents (Knight 2012). Based on the above discussion, it can be said that substantive approach is applicable for the inherent risks as this risk arises due to omission and fraud. Test of control approach is applicable for control risk as these kinds of risks arise due to the weakness in the internal control system of the audit client. Lastly, substantive approach will be applicable in case of detection risk, as the auditors need to examine more samples to detect the material misstatement in the financial documents of the organization. Maintaining various aspects of depreciation is lying on the hands of the audit client as depreciation is totally the matter of inter control system of the company. It is the responsibility of the management to set up the depreciation method and the percentage of depreciation. Hence, it can be said that the auditors will use the test of control approach for the accuracy and completeness of depreciation, as the auditors need to test the internal control system of the audit client. However, the auditors can use substantive approach if they think that the internal control system of the client firm is not effective and there is a strong need to adopt the substantive audit approach. It can be happened that there is some kinds of omission or fraud in the value of depreciation at the end of the year. To avoid these kinds of situation, the auditors sometimes use the substantive approach of auditing at the time of making the balance sheet (Drew and Dollery 2015). As discussed earlier, auditing is an important aspect for every business organization. The process of auditing helps to establish clarity in different financial and accounting operations of an organization. On the other hand, one cannot deny the importance of the communication of accounting information in an organization. Accounts is a critical process which helps to keep records of all financial transactions of an organization; it helps to verify the source of every income and expenses of the organization which is essential to the auditors of the organizations. The effective communication of accounting information indicates that the auditors and other relevant persons of the organization have the proper access of all the necessary accounting information. At the various stages of auditing, the auditors need different kinds of accounting information; and for this purpose, the proper communication of accounting information is a must need. There are numerous benefits of the effective co mmunication of accounting information in an organization (Hall 2012). The first benefit is reliability. Different kinds of accounting data and information provide reliability in the audit process as it gives the auditors the necessary direction to continue their jobs. Based on the communicated accounting information, the auditors can detect the material misstatement in the financial and accounting documents of the organization. On the other hand, based on this information, the auditors can judge that whether the material misstatement is due to the lack of internal control of the audit firm or due to any kind of fraud or omission. The second benefit is analytical tool. The communicated accounting information can be used as an effective analytical tool to understand the financial position of the company. The auditors are sometimes instructed to comment on the financial position of the audited firm. In that kind of situation, the auditors have to analyze the business information of the organization that is provided by the accounting communication system. Based on the analysis of the information, the auditors comment on the financial situation of the audit client. The third benefit is that the effective communication of accounting information passively helps the organization too gain the trust of the investors. The investors take the investment decision based on the declaration of the auditors report in the ann ual report of the organization. In the presence of all necessary accounting information, the annual report of the organization reflects the true financial image of the business organization and helps to attract the attention of the investors (Lobo and Zhao 2013). These are the three major benefits of the effective communication of accounting information to the auditors. The companies can implement proper communication of accounting information by some specific ways. One of the ways is the implementation of accounting information system in the organization. The role of accounting information systems is to gather, process, deliver and store all the accounting information in an organization for various parties. It is desired in every organization that the auditors will get all the necessary information from the management to carry on the audit process. Hence, from the above discussion, it is clear that success of the audit process in an organization vastly depends on the delivery of accounting information of that organization. This discussion is a clear evidence of the fact that there is a connection between auditing and the communication of accounting information. References Drew, J. and Dollery, B., 2015. Inconsistent depreciation practice and public policymaking: Local government reform in New South Wales.Australian Accounting Review,25(1), pp.28-37. Glover, S.M., Prawitt, D.F. and Messier, W.F., 2014.Auditing assurance services: a systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education. Hall, J.A., 2012.Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Holm, C. and Zaman, M., 2012, March. Regulating audit quality: Restoring trust and legitimacy. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 51-61). Elsevier. Johnstone, K., Gramling, A. and Rittenberg, L.E., 2013.Auditing: A Risk-Based Approach to Conducting a Quality Audit. Cengage Learning..Auditing: A Risk-Based Approach to Conducting a Quality Audit. Cengage Learning. Knechel, W.R., 2016. Audit quality and regulation.International Journal of Auditing,20(3), pp.215-223. Knight, F.H., 2012.Risk, uncertainty and profit. Courier Corporation. Lobo, G.J. and Zhao, Y., 2013. Relation between audit effort and financial report misstatements: Evidence from quarterly and annual restatements.The Accounting Review,88(4), pp.1385-1412. Prawitt, D.F., Sharp, N.Y. and Wood, D.A., 2012. Internal Audit Outsourcing and the Risk of Misleading or Fraudulent Financial Reporting: Did Sarbanes?Oxley Get It Wrong?.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(4), pp.1109-1136. Seawright, D.D., 2013. Overcoming internal audit issues with professionalism and integrity.Journal of Business Cases and Applications,7, p.1.

Principles of Management Multi Organ Failure Essay Example

Principles of Management : Multi Organ Failure Essay * Day 6 – 7 /ABC * ABC Principles of Management : Multi Organ Failure /MODS * PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT : ABC / Multi Organ Failure (MODS) * Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the progressive dysfunction of more than one organ in patients that are critically ill or injured. * It is the leading cause of death in intensive care units (ICUs). * The initial insult that stimulates MODS may result from a variety of causes including, but not limited to, extensive burns, trauma, cardiorespiratory failure, multiple blood transfusions, and most commonly, systemic infection. Schumaker, 2006) * The term MODS has been referred to interchangeably as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multisystem organ failure (MSOF). (Schumaker, 2006) * A. Determination and Management Multi Organ Failure: Etiology and Risk Factors * Causes of MODS include: * dead tissue * injured tissue * infection * perfusion deficits * persistent sources of inflammation such as pancreatitis or pneumo nitis * High Risk for developing MODS : * Impaired immune responses such as older adults clients with chronic illnesses * clients with malnutrition * and clients with cancer * Clients with prolonged or exaggerated inflammatory responses are at risk, including victims of severe trauma and clients with sepsis * Multi Organ Failure: Classification * 1. Primary MODS – * results directly from a well-defined insult in which organ dysfunction occurs early and is directly attributed to the insult itself. â€Å" * The direct insult initially causes a localized inflammatory response that may or may not progress to SIRS. An example of primary MODS is a primary pulmonary injury, such as aspiration. * Only a small percentage of clients develop primary MODS. * Multi Organ Failure: Classification * 2. Secondary MODS * is a consequence of widespread systemic inflammation, which develops after a variety of insults, and results in dysfunction of organs not involved in the initial insult. * Th e client enters a hypermetabolic, state that lasts for 14 to 21 days.. * During this body engages in autocatabolism : which causes changes in the bodys metabolic processes. rocess can be stopped,. the outcome for the death. * Secondary MODS occurs with condition septic shock and ARDS. (Black,2005 , p2474) * Multi Organ Failure: Clinical Manifestations * There is usually a precipitating event to MOD: * aspiration, * ruptured aneurysm * Septic shock which is associated with resultant hypotension. * The client is resuscitated; the cause is treated; and appears to do well for a few days. * The following possible sequence of events often develops. * Multi Organ Failure: Clinical Manifestations The client experiences SIRS before MODS Within a few days * there is an insidious onset grade fever, tachycardia, increased numbers and segmented neutrophils on the different count (called a left shift), * dyspnea with the diffuse patchy infiltrates on the chest x-ray client * often has some deteri oration in mental reasonably normal renal and hepatic laboratory results * Multi Organ Failure: Clinical Manifestations * Dyspnea progresses, and intubation and mechanical ventilation are required. * Some evidence of agulopathy (DIC) is usually present. * The client is usually stable hemodynamically and has relative polyuria, n increased in cardiac index (greater than 4. 5 l/min), * Systemic vascular resistance of less 600 dynes cm-5 Clients often have increased blood glucose level in the absence of diabetes * Multi Organ Failure: Clinical Manifestations * Between 7 and 10 days: * Bilirubin level increases and continues to increase, followed serum creatinine. * Blood glucose and lactate level continue to increase because of the hypermetabolic state. * Other progressive changes include nitrogen and protein combined with decrease level of serum albumin, pre-albumin, and retinol binding protein * Multi Organ Failure: Clinical Manifestations Between 7 and 10 days * Bacteremia with enter ic organism is common and infection from candida viruses such as herpes and cytomegalovirus are common. * Surgical wound fail to heal, and pressure ulcer may develop. * During this time, the client needs increasing amounts of fluids and inotropic medications to keep blood volume and cardiac preload near normal and to replace fluid lost through polyuria * Multi Organ Failure: Clinical Manifestations * Between day 14 and day 21: * The client is unstable appears close to death. * The client may lose consciousness Renal failure worsens to the point needs dialysis. * Edema may he present because of low serum protein levels. * Mixed venous oxygen level may increase because of problems with tissue uptake of oxygen caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. * Lactic acidosis worsens, liver enzymes continue to increase, and coagulation disorders become impossible to correct. * Multi Organ Failure: Prognosis * If the process of MODS is not reversed by day 21, it is usually evident that the client w ill die. * Death usually occurs between days 21 and 28 after the injury or precipitating event. Not all clients with MODS die; however, MODS remains the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit with mortality rates from 50% to 90% despite the development of better antibiotics, better resuscitation, and more sophisticated means of organ support. * Multi Organ Failure: Prognosis * For those clients who survive, the average duration of intensive care unit stay is about 21 days. * The rehabilitation, which is directed at recovery of muscle mass and neuromuscular function, lasts about 10 months. * Multi Organ Failure: Medical Management * Restrain the Activators: Manifestations of potential infection must be quickly treated to restrain the activators of MODS. * If the agent is known, antibiotics to which the organism is sensitive should be administered. * If the organism is not -known, broad-spectrum antibiotics are given * If the severity of the sepsis is identified early and d rotrecogin alfa (Xigris) is ad ministered, progression to MODS may be prevented * Multi Organ Failure: Medical Management * If there is progression, the lungs are often the first organs to fail and so require special attention. Aggressive pulmonary care is needed in all clients who are at risk of MODS. * Interventions may be as simple as coughing and deep breathing or ambulation. * The clients oxygen saturation should be monitored as well. * Malnutrition develops from the hypermetabolism and the GI tract often seeds other areas with bacteria, some clinicians require the client to be fed enterally. * They believe that feeding enhances perfusion and decreases the bacterial load and the effects of endotoxins * Multi Organ Failure: Nursing Management Care of the client with MODS is multifaceted, balancing the needs of one system against the needs of another while trying to maintain optimal functioning of each system * Nursing diagnoses appropriate for the client with MODS * The number of independent nursing interventions for the client with MODS is limited. * Multi Organ Failure: Nursing Management * The overall goal for nursing is effective client and family coping: * Nurses must remain sensitive to the needs of the family. Caring for the family of critically ill clients is a challenge in that understanding, predicting, and intervening with families in crisis is less exact, than the calculation of oxygen needs. * There are no easy formulas to use to provide hope, courage, coping, and caring. * Nurses must remain alert to the needs of the family as well as the client during this stressful time. * B. Life saving and Intervention * Detailed discussion and return demo will be discussed on EDN and Vines laboratory. * 1. First Aid Measure * 2. Basic Life Support * 3. Advance Cardiac Life support * First aid measures Is an immediate care given to a person who have been injured or suddenly taken ill. * It includes self help and home care when medical assistance is delayed or not available. * Roles of First Aid: * Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician. * It is not intended to compete with nor take the place of the services of the Physician. * It ends when medical assistan ce begins. * Basic Life Support ( BLS) * An emergency procedure that consists of recognizing respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest or both and the proper application of CPR to maintain life or until a victim recovers or advanced life support is available. C-A-B steps : * Circulation restored * Airway opened * Breathing restored * ADVANCE CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT (ACLS) * Refers to a set of clinical interventions for the urgent treatment of cardiac arrest and other life threatening medical emergencies, as well as the knowledge and skills to deploy those interventions. [1] * ADVANCE CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT (ACLS) * Extensive medical knowledge and rigorous hands-on training and practice are required to master ACLS. Only qualified health care providers * (e. g. hysicians, paramedics, nurses, respiratory therapists, clinical pharmacists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners * and other specially trained health care providers) can provide ACLS, as it requires the ability to manage the patie nts airway, initiate IV access, read and interpret electrocardiograms, and understand emergency pharmacology. * Fluid Resuscitation (Study) * The infusion of isotonic IV fluids to a hypotensive Pt with trauma; aggressive FR may disrupt thrombi, ^ bleeding, and v  survival * Intravenous literature: Boyd, J. H. , Forbes, J. , Nakada, T. A. , Walley, K. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management : Multi Organ Failure specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management : Multi Organ Failure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management : Multi Organ Failure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer R. and Russell, J. A. (2010) * Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: A positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Critical Care Medicine. 2010 Oct 21 * FLUID RESCUCITATION * Fluid replacement or fluid resuscitation is the medical practice of replenishing bodily fluid lost through sweating, bleeding, fluid shifts or pathologic processes. * Fluids can be replaced via oral administration (drinking), intravenous administration, rectally, or hypodermoclysis, the direct injection of fluid into the subcutaneous tissue. Fluids administered by the oral and hypodermic routes are absorbed more slowly than those given intravenously. * FLUID RESCUCITATION * Procedure * It is important to achieve a fluid status that is good enough to avoid oliguria (low urine production). * Oliguria has various limits, a urine output of 0. 5mL/kg/hr In adults is adequate and suggests adequate organ perfusion. * The parkland formula is not perfect and fluid t herapy will need to be titrated to hemodynamic values and urine output. * The speed of Fluid Replacement may differ between procedures. * The planning of fluid eplacement for burn victims is based on the Parkland formula (4mL Lactated Ringers/kg/% TBSA burned). * The parkland formula gives the minimum amount to be given in 24 hours. * Half of the value is given over the first eight hours after the time of the burn (not from time of admission to ED) and the other half over the next 16 hours. * In dehydration, 2/3 of the deficit may be given in 4 hours, and the rest during approx. 20 hours * FLUID RESCUCITATION The initial volume expansion period is called the fluid challenge, and may be distinguished from succeeding maintenance administration of fluids. During the fluid challenge, large amounts of fluids may be administered over a short period of time under close monitoring to evaluate the patient’s response. * Fluid challenge, as the procedure of giving large amounts of fluid in a short time, may be reserved for hemodynamically unstable patients, distinguished from conventional fluid administration for patients who are not acutely ill, who receive fluids as part of a diagnostic study, or for less acutely ill patients in whom fluid administration can be guided by fluid intake and output recordings. VARIOUS FLUIDS USED IN FLUID RESCUSITATION * Crystalloids are solutions of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. * we are talking about salt (saline) ; Since isotonic fluids have the same concentration as the normal cells of the body and blood, when infused intravenously, they will remain in the intravascular space. * Normal saline (0. 9% NaCl) and lactated Ringers solution are typical isotonic fluids with sugar in (dextr ose) * Hypertonic fluids –( 3% NaCl) have a higher particle concentration than in normal cells of the body and the blood. These agents draw fluid into the intravascular space from cells. * Hypertonic saline (3% NaCl) is a common hypertonic fluid. * Hypotonic fluids * (0. 45 normal saline, 0. 33 NaCl) are composed mostly of free water and will enter the cells rather than remain in the intravascular space. * Normal saline and lactated Ringers are the two balanced salt solutions most commonly used in current fluid resuscitation * Other products * Albumin, * one of the original plasma expanders, is a protein that maintains osmotic pressure in a cell and helps the cell maintain its internal fluid. When we read about protein in urine, especially in diabetics and those with kidney disease, we are talking about albumin. * Blood transfusion is the only approved fluid replacement capable of carrying oxygen * C. Life Maintaining Intervention * C. 1 AIRWAY MANAGEMENT By: Angkana Lurngnat eetape, MD. * Indication for tracheal intubation * ? Airway protection * ? Maintenance of patent airway * ? Pulmonary toilet * ? Application of positive pressure * ? Maintenance of adequate oxygenation * Oral endotracheal tube size guideline During Laryngoscopy ; Intubation * ? Malposition * – Esophageal Intubation * – Bronchial Intubation * ? Trauma * – Tooth damage * – Lip, tongue, mucosal laceration * – Dislocated mandible * – Retropharyngeal dissection * – Cervical spine * ? Aspiration * C. 2 Managing Patients on Ventilators Clinical Nursing Skills * By Sandra F. Smith * Managing Patients on Ventilators * Preparation: * Double check the ventilator settings against those ordered by the physician. * Plug the machine and turn it on. * Familiarize yourself with location of alarm system Connect the ventilator tubing to patient’s endotracheal tube or traheostomy tube * Procedure: * Monitor pt VS every 5 minutes until stable * Obt ain ABG 15 minutes after ventilation is established. * Monitor ventilation setting. * Check humidifier fluid level. * Records I and O and daily weight Positive pressure may cause positive water balance due to humidification of inspired air. * C. 3 Managing Patients on Ventilators * Suspend ventilator tubing from an IV hook or support it on a pillow to reduce traction on the endotrachael tube. Change ventilator tubing every 24 hours. * Check VS and auscultate lungs every hour. Rationale: Positive pressure ventilation may decrease venous return and cardiac output. * Observe and listen for possible cuff leaks around TT or ET. * Empty accumulated water on ventilator tubing. Disconnect tubing and stretch it to release water trapped into corrugated areas and drained to water basin DO NOT drain water back to humidifier. * Provide patient a method of communication. , such as magic slate. * Test nasogastric drainage pH every hour and administer antacid to maintain pH above 5. Test nasogastri c drainage and fecal matter daily for occult blood. * Assess lungs compliance * Implement methods of stress reduction. * Keep ventilators alarms on * C7 Fluid and electrolyte problems By Canthera Cancer Therapy Center * Fluid and electrolyte problems 1. Water retention * Water retention is simply the buildup of excess fluid in tissues. * Swelling of the feet, ankles and hands are generally the first sign of water retention. * But it can also affect other parts of the body such as the abdomen, chest cavity, face and neck. Possible causes include: * Certain medications (some chemotherapy drugs can cause water retention) * Heart, liver or kidney disease * Blockage of veins or lymph system * Fluid and electrolyte problems * Some symptoms to look for and report to your physician include: * Feelings of tightness in the arms or legs. * Difficulty fitting into clothing. * Rings, wristwatch or shoes fit tighter than usual. * Pitting of the lower legs and arms – when you press on your skin with your finger is there an indentation that remains for a few seconds. * A sense of heaviness or weakness in the arms or legs. Skin that feels stiff or taut. * Any redness, changes in skin temperature or pain in swollen areas can be a sign of infection and should be reported immediately. * Fluid and electrolyte problems * Things that you can do to help manage swelling are: * Do not stand for long periods of time. * When sitting or lying keep feet/legs elevated as much as possible. * Avoid tight clothing (including s ocks) * Do not cross your legs when sitting or lying. * Try to reduce your salt intake. Avoid foods that are high in salt content such as chips, tomato juice, cured meats, and canned soups. Weight yourself daily – a weight gain of 5 pounds or more in one week should be reported to the physician immediately. * If your physician has prescribed medications for your swelling take them exactly as prescribed. Do not reduce or increase the dose. * Treatment of fluid retention depends upon the underlying cause. Since some of the causes of water retention can be related to organ disease/damage and are potentially severe, it is important that you speak with your physician or nurse promptly if you are experiencing this problem. * Fluid and electrolyte problems 2 Electrolyte imbalance * Electrolyte imbalance could also be caused by * vomiting, * diarrhea, * sweating, * high fevers, * kidney disease, * medications unrelated to cancer therapy, * certain chemotherapy drugs such as Cisplatin and targeted therapies such as Erbitux. * Fluid and electrolyte problems * Because electrolytes regulate activity of nerves and muscles, their imbalance could lead to malfunctions in multiple organ systems. * It could cause : * muscle spasms, * weakness and twitching; * irregular heartbeat and blood pressure changes; * lethargy, * confusion, and neurological problems. * Severe electrolyte imbalance can result in death. Monitoring for electrolyte imbalance is a simple process and is accomplished through routine lab work. * Fluid and electrolyte problems * Treatment of electrolyte imbalance is based on identifying and treating the underlying problem causing the imbalance, * and actively correcting the imbalance itself. * Treatment may include intravenous replacement of fluids or electrolytes, dietary changes and/or oral replacement of a particular electrolyte. * Fluid and electrolyte problems * 3. Tumor lysis syndrome Tumor Lysis Syndrome is a serious and sometimes life-threatening c omplication of chemotherapy. * . It is caused by release of breakdown products from dying cancer cells and most frequently occurs in patients with leukemia or lymphoma that have a high tumor burden (large tumor). * Patients with pre-existing kidney disease are also at increased risk for this complication * Fluid and electrolyte problems * Symptoms of tumor lysis syndrome include: * Muscle weakness * Paralysis * Heart arrthymias * Seizures * Tetany * Changes in emotional stability * Decreased urine output Changes in electrolyte and uric acid levels. * Fluid and electrolyte problems * Treated prophylatically with hydration and medications which decrease uric acid levels like Allopurinol. * Treatment for tumor lysis is directed toward stabilizing electrolyte and uric acid levels. * Aggressive hydration with IV fluids and use of diuretics may be instituted. In some cases persons have undergone renal dialysis. * C8 NUTRITION BY Schumaker and Chernecky critical Care and Emergency Nursing * Energy expenditure during respiratory failure is high and is caused by the increased work of breathing. The goal of nutritional support is to provide the needed nutrients to maintain the patients current level of : * metabolism * energize the immune system * and maintain end-organ function. * NUTRITION BY Schumaker and Chernecky critical Care and Emergency Nursing * Enteral Gi feeding is the route of choice to provide the calories and nutrients needed and to assist in maintaining normal GI: function. * if the patient is unable to tolerate enteral feedings, then a parenteral (intravenous) route is necessary until the patient can tolerate enteral feedings. * Medical Management of the Client Receiving Parenteral nutrition by Joyce Black * Parenteral Nutrition (PN). PN is indicated to maintain nutritional status and prevent malnutrition when the client has inadequate intestinal function or cannot be fed orally or by . tube feeding. * The PN prescription is guided by the nutritional assessment and the definition of nutrient goals for calories. and protein. The PN solution contains carbohydrates' as glucose, fats, triglyceride, and protein as amino acid levels designed to meet the caloric and protein need of the client. * C 9 Perioperative Problems by Carl Balita, Nursing Review * D. Psychological and Behavioral Intervention * 1. Measure to relieve anxiety * 2. Fear * 3. Depression * 4. Critical concerns life: * a. Immobility * b. Sleep deprivation * c. Sensory overload * d. body image alteration * e. Grieving * f. sexuality * g. spirituality * Psychosocial and Behavioral Intervention http://www. uspharmd. com * Anxiety * Vague uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread accompanied by an autonomic response (the source often nonspecific or unknown to the individual); a feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger. It is an alerting signal that warns of impending danger and enables the individual to take measures to deal with threat. * Anxiety * Defining Characteristics Nursing Diagnosis Anxiety * Expressed concerns due to change in life events; * insomnia * Fear of unspecific consequences * Shakiness * Anxiety * Nursing outcome Nursing Care Plans For Anxiety: * †¢ Appear relaxed and report anxiety is reduced to a manageable level. †¢ Verbalize awareness of feelings of anxiety. †¢ Identify healthy ways to deal with and express anxiety. †¢ Demonstrate problem-solving skills. Use resources/support systems effectively. * Nursing Priority Nursing Care Plans   For Anxiety †¢ Assess level of anxiety †¢ Assist client to identify feelings and begin to deal with problems †¢ Provide measures to comfort and aid client to handle problematic †¢ To promote wellness; teaching/discharge considerations * Fear * Fear is a feeling of anxiety and agitation caused by the pr esence or nearness of danger, evil, pain, etc. ; timidity; dread; terror; fright; apprehension respectful dread; awe; reverence a feeling of uneasiness or apprehension; concern: * Interventions. The client needs an explanation of the disease and all treatment options. * Reinforce information to the client as needed. * The client also needs information concerning operative procedures and postoperative interventions (NPO status, NG tubes, other drains, intravenous infusions). * This information helps decrease the clients fear. * Understanding Depression by Health Guide . org * Feeling down from time to time is a normal part of life. But when emptiness and despair take hold and wont go away, it may be depression. * Common signs and symptoms of depression : * Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. A bleak outlook—nothing will ever get better and there’s nothing you can do to improve your situation. * Loss of interest in daily activities. No interest in former hobbies, pastimes, social activities, or sex. You’ve lost your ability to feel joy and pleasure. * Appetite or weight changes. Significant weight loss or weight gain—a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month. * Sleep changes. Either insomnia, especially waking in the early hours of the morning, or oversleeping (also known as hypersomnia). * Common signs and symptoms of depression : * Irritability or restlessness. Feeling agitated, restless, or on edge. Your tolerance level is low; everything and everyone gets on your nerves. * Loss of energy. Feeling fatigued, sluggish, and physically drained. Your whole body may feel heavy, and even small tasks are exhausting or take longer to complete. * Self-loathing. Strong feelings of worthlessness or guilt. You harshly criticize yourself for perceived faults and mistakes. * Concentration problems. Trouble focusing, making decisions, or remembering things. * Unexplained aches and pains. An increase in physical complaints such as headaches, back pain, aching muscles, and stomach pain. Depression * Depression is a major risk factor for suicide. The deep despair and hopelessness that goes along with depression can make suicide feel like the only way to escape the pain. * Thoughts of death or suicide are a serious symptom of depression, so take any suicidal talk or behavior seriously * Depression * Intervention: * Lifestyle changes are not always easy to mak e, but they can have a big impact on depression. * Lifestyle changes that can be very effective include: * Cultivating supportive relationships * Getting regular exercise and sleep * Eating healthfully to naturally boost mood Managing stress * Practicing relaxation techniques * Challenging negative thought patterns * Critical Concerns life: * Immobility * Sleep Deprivation * Sensory overload * Body image deprivation * Grieving * Sexuality * Spirituality * Immobility * Immobility is complications that are associated with a limited or absolute lack of movement by the patient; various members of the health care team may collaborate to assist the patient in avoiding these problems. * Nurses must -Prevent the complications of immobility, such as :pneumonia , pressure ulcers, with frequent turning or the use of an oscillating bed. Intervention: * Continue to reposition the patient to relieve skin pressure unless the bed provides more, than 40 degrees of rotation. * The eyes may need to be taped closed to avoid corneal abrasion. * Suctioning may be needed to keep the airway clear and prevent pneumonia. * Passive range-of-motion exercises keep joints mobile and minimize muscle wasting. * Position the extremities in correct alignment to prevent contractures. * Use sequential compression stockings to prevent deep venous thrombosis (DVT); low-dose heparin may also be ordered. All these complications are continually assessed for and are treated promptly if they occur. * Sleep Deprivation Sensory overload * Sleep Deprivation is a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performances of tasks. * Sensory overload is a condition in which an individual receives an excessive or intolerable amount of sensory stimuli, as in a busy hospital or clinic or an intensive care unit. * Sleep Deprivation Sensory overload * Sleep deprivation is of particular concern for clients in critical care units. Causes of the following: * The noise level * 24-hour lighting * and frequency of caregiver interruptions create sensory overload and sleep deprivation, which is thought to be a major factor contributing to postoperative psychosis (Joyce Black) * Sleep Deprivation * Causes: * Clients who have had surgery are also at risk for sleep pattern disturbance because of disruptions in circadian rhythms. * The cause is unclear, but the disruptions may be related to the length and type of anesthesia, postoperative analgesia, or mechanisms associated with the procedure itself. * Sleep Deprivation Techniques used to promote sleep include : * massage * relaxing music * progressive relaxation techniques * Medications to promote sleep * Body image deprivation * Body image is the attitude a person has about the actual or perceived structure or function of all or part of his or her body. * This attitude is dynamic and is altered through interaction with other persons and situations and influenced by a ge and developmental level. * As an important part of one’s self-concept, body image disturbance can have profound impact on how individuals view their overall selves. * Body image deprivation In cultures where one’s appearance is important, variations from the norm can result in body image disturbance. * The importance that an individual places on a body part or function may be more important in determining the degree of disturbance than the actual alteration in the structure or function. * Therefore the loss of a limb may result in a greater body image disturbance for an athlete than for a computer programmer. * Body image deprivation * The loss of a breast to a fashion model or a hysterectomy in a nulliparous woman may cause serious body image disturbances even though the overall health of the individual has been improved. Removal of skin lesions, altered elimination resulting from bowel or bladder surgery, and head and neck resections are other examples that can le ad to body image disturbance. * Body image deprivation * Defining Characteristics: Verbalization about altered structure or function of a body part * Verbal preoccupation with changed body part or function * Naming changed body part or function * Refusal to discuss or acknowledge change * Focusing behavior on changed body part and/or function * Actual change in structure or function * Refusal to look at, touch, or care for altered body part * Change in social behavior (e. . , withdrawal, isolation, flamboyance) * Compensatory use of concealing clothing or other devices * Body image deprivation * Therapeutic Interventions * Acknowledge normalcy of emotional response to actual or perceived change in body structure or function. Stages of grief over loss of a body part or function is normal, and typically involves a period of denial, the length of which varies from individual to individual. * Help patient identify actual changes. Patients may perceive changes that are not present or rea l, or they may be placing unrealistic value on a body structure or function. Encourage verbalization of positive or negative feelings about actual or perceived change. It is worthwhile to encourage the patient to separate feelings about changes in body structure and/or function from feelings about self-worth. * Body image deprivation * Therapeutic Interventions * * Assist patient in incorporating actual changes into ADLs, social life, interpersonal relationships, and occupational activities. Opportunities for positive feedback and success in social situations may hasten adaptation. * Demonstrate positive caring in routine activities. Professional caregivers represent a microcosm of society, and their actions and behaviors are scrutinized as the patient plans to return to home, to work, and to other activities. * Body image deprivation * Education/Continuity of Care * Teach patient about the normalcy of body image disturbance and the grief process. * Teach patient adaptive behavior (e. g. , use of adaptive equipment, wigs, cosmetics, clothing that conceals altered body part or enhances remaining part or function, use of deodorants). This compensates for actual changed body structure and function. Help patient identify ways of coping that have been useful in the past. Asking patients to remember other body image issues (e. g. , getting glasses, wearing orthodontics, being pregnant, having a leg cast) and how they were managed may help patient adjust to the current issue. * Body image deprivation * Education/Continuity of Care * * Refer patient and caregivers to support groups composed of individuals with similar al terations. Lay persons in similar situations offer a different type of support, which is perceived as helpful (e. g. , United Ostomy Association, Y Me? , I Can Cope, Mended Hearts). http://nursingcareplan. blogspot. com * Grieving by Carl Balita * Sexuality * Sexuality. Sexuality is the behavioral expression of ones sexual identity. * It involves sexual relationships between people as well as the perception of ones maleness or femaleness (gender identification). * Sexuality * Many aspects of sexuality affect health status and are significant to nursing care and client outcomes. * * Aspects include: * (1) physical health problems that affect sexual behavior * (mastectomy, colostomy, skin lesions, venereal diseases, paralysis, physical deformities) * (2) concerns with sexual performance (impotence, premature ejaculation, inability to achieve orgasm, infertility), * (3) issues of sex role function * (homosexuality, bisexuality, sexual ambiguity, transsexual surgery), and * (4) effects of environmental restrictions on sexual performance * (residency in a longterm care facility). * Sexuality * Sexuality and sexual behavior are sensitive topics. * Clients may want to discuss sexuality issues and may look for permission to do so. * Become comfortable with sexuality issues and do not allow personal beliefs and values to interfere with professional care. Accept and interact with clients without judging them or their behavior. * Spirituality * Spiritual beliefs have implications for well-being, such as sustaining hope or assisting with coping during periods of stress. * Include spirituality assessment as part of the, health history and explain the purpose for asking about it * Spirituality * . This portion of the history is usually addressed at the end of the interview after a trusting nurse-client relationship is established. * Because spirituality is personal, respect a clients wishes not to discuss this topic. Ask whether the client prefers to consult someone else wh en spiritual support is needed. * Spirituality * Nurses may be aware that patients have spiritual needs, but in many cases are unable to respond to these needs. * This may result from an inadequacy in nurse education that does not prepare nurses to provide spiritual care. (Michelle Wensley, 2011) * Supportive Management * Supportive Management * (Discussed already on MODS = Medical and Nursing Management on the previous slides) * Preventing Complications * Preventing ICU Complications * Lee-lynn Chen, MD * Assistant Clinical Professor Catheter Related Blood Stream Infection * CRBSI Prevention Bundle : * Hand hygiene * Maximal barrier precautions (mask, gown, gloves and full barrier drapes) and full barrier drapes) * Chlorhexidine skin antisepsis * Optimal catheter site selection, with subclavian vein as the preferred site for non non-tunneled tunneled catheters in adults * Ultrasound guidance * Daily review of line necessity with prompt removal of unnecessary lines * Ventilator Asso ciated Pneumonia * A leading cause of death among hospital acquired infections * Increased length of time on ventilator, in both the ICU and hospital. Estimated cost is $40,000 (2004) * Continuous Aspiration of Subglottic Secretions * Requires intubation with special tube * Separate dorsal lumen that opens in to subglottic area * Aspiration may be continuous or intermittent * Requires frequent monitoring * Pressure Ulcers * Incidence and Cost * Incidence ranging from 0. 4% to 38% * 2. 5 million patients treated annually in US acute care facilities for pressure ulcers related complications * Once pressure ulcer develops, mortality is increased by 2-6 fold with 60,000 deaths * Total annual cost $11 billion * Pressure Ulcers Definition: Localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure or in combination with shear or friction. * Identifying patients at risk and identifying early skin changes can allow early intervention to pr event a pressure ulcer from developing * Pressure Ulcers: Sites * Sacrum -most common site (30%)Slouching in bed or chair * Higher risk in incontinent pts * Heels-2ndmost common (20%)Immobile or numb legs * Higher risk with PVD diabetes neuropathy * Trochanter * Device related * Minimize pressure * Frequent small position changes (every 1. to 4 hrs) * Keep reclining chair and bed below 30 degree angle to decrease pressure load * Sitting: may need hourly position changes * Increase mobility/Consult PT/OT * Order air mattress if turning protocols are ineffective * Reposition off of any know ulcers * Use pillows to pad bony prominences * Float heels with pillow lengthwise under calves * Minimize friction and shear * Use draw sheet under patient to assist with moving * Do not drag over mattress when lifting up in bed * Avoid mechanical injury-use slide boards, turn sheet, trapeze, corn starch * Manage Moisture Cleanse skin at time of soiling and use absorbent * Provide a non-irritating surface * Barrier ointments and pads * Utilize appropriate fecal/urinary collection devices * Nutrition/hydration * Skin condition reflects overall body function * Skin breakdown may be evidence of general catabolic state * Increase hydration caloric needs * Nutritional goals: ^protein intake1. 2-1. 5 gm/kg body weight daily—unless contraindicated * Consider vitamin supplementation * Rehabilitation * Rehabilitation will be properly coordinated with the Physical Therapy Department

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buy custom Applications in Corporate Finance essay The point of this analysis is to come up with how best DanAir Airlines can continue to be a thriving industry in the 21st century. This is accomplished by providing a background region analysis of the global industry of airlines. Current and future evolvement of the industry also has to be considered as do the reasons why airlines fail and how to achieve success. Regulation While route scheduling, as well as, the air ticket price has been de-regulated for some time and many of the sections are still under tight control. Governments own and regulate the airports in their regions and control key bottlenecks to airline services such as access to boarding gates and runways. Most airport commissions allocate gates without a formal market mechanism such as a bidding process. In addition, international routes have been de-regulated only gradually, through negotiated bilateral open-sky agreements, which generally allow airline companies from two countries to fly planes within and to each other without restrictions. In many airports, airlines must obtain a slot for their aircraft to land or take off. The regulations that were designed to avoid congestion in extremely busy airports have lagged behind market realities (Vasigh, Fleming, and Mackay, 2010). Service to some small and isolated markets is also subsidized and regulated by said the government. Airline competition has not benefited all consumers. Business travelers paying full fare usually enjoy a superior product in terms of service and flexibility. There is an increased demand for air travel, thus, there are new passengers who air travel. This means that even though competition among airlines may not necessarily profit all categories of passengers, there is an increase of the passengers, which lowers average prices (Shaw, 2007). While profits are volatile, industries without volatile profits operate without substantial government regulation. Free are an advantage for the big industries because they give provisions for firms when it comes to innovation to demand and cost systems. Free markets provide incentives for innovations to spread, thereby increasing efficiency. Impact of Policy on Competition Airlines are a complex mix of competition and standardization, the policy choices made could affect its competition. Policies are the mechanism for allocating airport gates and facilities. The airport commissions usually rely on the mechanisms not from market formations to allocate these resources (Renga and Mentges, 2010). Changes in these policies force the authorities to increase supply as the bid values go higher than the costs. Evidence suggests that the airfares increase as concentration in the market increases and this harms consumers. The concentrated markets benefit from the consumers by creating bigger networks with better flights. A third significant policy dimension involves restrictions on substantial foreign ownerships of airlines and on domestic flights by foreign owned airlines. While profits have fluctuated a great deal in the airline industry, DanAir has been characterized in the past by steady growth, and falling prices. Liberalization Since the horrendous attacks of September 11 2001, global airlines have registered abysmal performances especially when compared with their recorded profits in the years before 2001. The airline industry is structurally challenged by its very nature, facing high fixed costs, and cyclical demands. As such, the number of bankruptcies continues to pile up as airlines seek protection from creditors and look for ways to restructure costs. Facing increase competition and fighting to retain customers and thrive, most airlines have introduced cost cutting measures such as frequent flier programmes that reward customer loyalty with tickets, cabin upgrades, priority check ins, priority boarding, lounge access among other privileges. Passengers can also accumulate mileage point based on distances travelled and in what travel class and then redeem those miles for rewards such as free or discounted tickets. Loyalty programs such as these are often more profitable than other forms of marketing like comparison of routes, services and price. Both airlines and consumers benefit from the advent of loyalty programs. Airlines benefit from a faithful consumer base that remains even with increased fares and passengers earn free tickets and other rewards. Alliances Hardly any airline, no matter its largesse or scope is able to efficiently provide service to all the destinations of the world. To counteract this fault, airlines, even gigantic airlines, form alliances with other airlines to overcome their limited abilities and reap a profit. By amalgamating, they also increase their market presence and expand their network. While larger airlines opt for agreements with regional carriers, the trend of alliances is now beginning to go international. The benefits of this to the consumer are clear: more reachable destinations, lower prices, and more departure times, access to more lounges, faster mileage rewards and around the world tickets. This is the result of the airlines sharing facilities, cooperating in sales and making investments in different regions of the world (Morrel, 2007). Profitability in the Air Industry The ultimate challenge for airlines is selling the most ticets for at the highest prices and targeting the right customers so that price discrimination will occur where customers pay different rates for the very same destination and service. Airlines face additional pressure to fill seats because empty seats are considered perishable goods with the airline having to fly even with empty seats. Striking an ideal balance between price and demand is undoubtedly difficult and airlines resort to a lot of market research to categorize their customers. There are business travelers, and those travelling for urgent personal reasons, and there are leisure travelers who are price sensitive and an influence demands. At the extreme end, of the economy spectrum is the least expensive seat, which may be four times less the most expensive seat. Understandably, airlines will focus on filling their first and second class sections which more than over the cost of their lowest economy class seats. Managing Cost Structure In stark contrasts with the management of other service businesses, airlines today need an extensive range of expensive equipment in order to operate efficiently. Companies have traditionally financed their costs by loans or public stock offerings, but recently, airlines are leasing equipment such as aircraft, baggage vehicles, and hangars, having realized that those leases provide greater flexibility in updating equipment while keeping upfront costs down. If the lease is a capital lease, an airline records the asset and a lease liability that is generally equal to the sum of the present value of the lease payment during the lease term. Another benefit of the capital lease is the depreciating expense relating to the asset over the economical life of the asset. Aiming to limit their long-term liabilities, most airlines prefer operational leases (Crans, 1996). In these, neither the asset nor the lease liability is included in the balance sheet. Leases also provide airlines with flexibility. In times of increase of demand, airlines can quickly utilize larger planes to accommodate all their customers. In the post September 11, 2001 era, most airlines have espoused cost-cutting measures as a goal to pursue. The airline industry is labor intensive, and so pilots, flight attendants, baggage handlers, dispatchers, and customer service comprise the biggest portion of the airlines operating expenses. This is due to a highly tenured workforce, higher pension costs, and work rules because of hiring unionized labor. The maintenance department is also under operations focusing on aircraft condition to preserve the airlines most valuable capital asset, the airplanes. This group is essential to the airlines because it can affect the airlines bottom line. Aircrafts cost the airline a lot, whether just sitting idle or in full flight. As a result, maintenance personnel are often charged to keep the planes in tiptop shape to minimize downtime. Reducing Costs of Fuel In consistently seeking to lower fuel costs, management and operations will fill aircraft with more fuel than is necessary for the trip to its destination, as the cost of fuel in the place where it is going may be more than what it is in other areas. To save fuel, pilots use single engine emergency procedures when they doing normal drills as well as selective engine shutdown when the ground procedures are under delay. Cargo personnel can reduce and weigh more effectively the onboard weight while redistributing belly cargo to save on fuel. Pilots can also cruise longer at high altitudes while employing shorter and steeper approaches. DanAir can also optimize flight planning for a minimum fuel burn routes and altitudes. Hubs and schedules should be redesigned to alleviate congestion and DanAir can acquire fuel-efficient airplanes to save on fuel. High priced localities as far as fuel is concerned are also to be avoided. There is another risky option for decreasing fuelling costs, fuel hedging. The basic premise is to purchase a contract that locks in a fuel price in the future at which point the airline will pay that strike price should the price of fuel increase above the current price. Through forward contracts, future contracts and optional swaps, an airline can manage its fuel price risks. The primary difference between forward contracts, future contracts, and optional swaps is that options grant the airline the power to buy or sell at a specific time without obligation whereas future and forward contracts will result in direct losses if fuel prices drop below the contract price, as there is an obligation to pat the contract price. Landing Fees Airport and en route charges are a significant expense in flight operation costs. Both private and public airports charge airlines for the use of their runway and terminal facilities. These fees are quite considerable taking into account the number of aircraft landing and departing each day. Due to the considerable cost of airport charges, DanAir should attempt to fly fewer planes into the priciest airports and try to maximize their load factors during times of high fuel prices. Ancillary Fees In response to the most recent economic downturn, airlines have begun to charge extra fees for services that were once considered complimentary. These include checked baggage, food and beverage, seat selection, priority boarding, ticket changes, reservations via telephone or internet, and carryon baggage fees (Salerno, 2010). Performance Metrics Data revealed in specific metrics can underscore why some airlines are profitable and others slump into bankruptcy. It will underline efficiency measures undertaken in both cutting costs and in generating maximum revenue from each passenger (Banfe, 1992). In revenue metrics, rather than looking at system total operating revenue when comparing airlines, one can glean more information from system passenger revenue per available seat mile. Revenue per available seat mile, which includes both passenger revenue, as well as revenue earned from freight, is also used to compare airlines. It represents how much revenue an airline generates per seat per mile flown. In theory, higher revenue per seat mile translates into higher profit. Expense Metrics Analyzing airline expenses exposes a significant difference between the airlines that dedicate themselves to serious cost minimizing and those that place less value on it. The lower an airlines cost per available seat mile; the more efficient for the airline operations then the airline probably post a profit avoiding bankruptcy. Laborers Laborers in the airline industry have constantly sought to re-negotiate contracts and fight when their demands are not met. It is a constant battle between the airlines who struggle to cut costs to avoid bankruptcy and the labor unions that seek higher wages or better benefits. To cut costs, some airlines ascribe to employees extra duties that do not fall under their original portfolios but that they can perform easily and efficiently such as asking maintenance personnel to wash parts of the plane (Morrison and Winston, 1995). That can actually increase the bottom line of the said airline by lowering the overhead costs, as well. Stage length is an important strategy to consider, as well. It refers to the average flight times of a particular airline. As stage lengths increase, costs tend to go down which bodes well for the long haul airlines that have fewer take offs and landings. Traffic and Capacity Metrics The most fundamental metrics related to the airline industry are traffic and capacity, which are used as the basis for unit revenue and unit costs. They also provide the essential metric of load factor, which measures the percentage of seats sold out of the available seating places available. Total available seat miles determine which airline has the largest seating capacity as total available seat miles is equal to increasing seats proportionally to the number of miles flown (Doganis, 2002). Airlines strive for the highest load factor as they face high fixed costs for each plane flying. As the plane will typically fly regardless of its load factor, the airline will lose revenue for each seat that goes unsold as it absorbs operating costs, such as fuel, labor and landing costs. It is, therefore, critical for airlines to attempt to sell each seat, as the airline with the largest load factor is likely generating the most revenue for from each flight. Since reaching the low point of 2001, most airlines have steadily increased their load factors. This is primarily due to more efficient and sophisticated yield management systems which allow the airlines to more accurately estimate demand at different price levels resulting in more sold seats. In addition, some airlines have also reduced the number of flights, which increases load factor due to offering less capacity yet facing rising demand. However, while load factor provides insight into how much revenue an airline generates from each flight, it disregards expenses. Moving into the next decade, the airline industry is still at crossroads, and while demand for air travel has increased exponentially, many of the carriers continue to struggle in their quest to turn a healthy profit. A few steps can be taken to avoid bankruptcy and start the journey towards earning ever-increasing profits. (a)Cross utilization of employees. The major airlines must negotiate with their labor unions to seek changes to their agreements as concerns their duties. Management should highlight the advantages of cross utilization to the leaders of the unions, which can translate to a superior working environment, as employees are not limited to one function only. From a corporate perspective, this of course leads to productivity increases thereby decreasing costs (Haines, 2004). (b)Maintaining cost discipline. Airlines need to adopt efficiencies that include eliminating in-flight services such as food and snack distribution, flying more point-to-point routes, and decreasing turnaround times, which contribute to aircraft utilization. (c)Breakeven load factor. This is acquired by decreasing costs. It is the average percentage of seats that must be filled on an average flight at average fares for the airlines passenger revenue to break even with the airlines operating expenses. It is imperative for major airlines to reduce their breakeven load factors by focusing on reducing their unit costs thereby increasing their margins. (d)Intangible. Airlines should provide a fun atmosphere in their aircrafts that promote a fun outlook. They should also source for new aircraft if their present machines are dilapidated and not adopt a policy of providing frugal amenities, which can taint an airline for a long time with a reputation of stinginess. Buy custom Applications in Corporate Finance essay

Special Relationship between Britain & the United States of America Essay

Special Relationship between Britain & the United States of America since World War II - Essay Example (Sherwood Pg 442) Although Sir Winston Churchill denied every saying that but it captures the essence of the "Anglo American special relationship". The term itself was first used by Winston Churchill during his Iron Curtain speed in March 1946 to describe the warm historical, political, diplomatic, and cultural relations between Britain and the United States. However behind this simple term, the relationship between the two countries is considered to be much more complex going through what some may refer to as a rollercoaster ride; from Churchill and Roosevelt to Blair and Bush, from the Cold War alliance to the war on terror, and from the Beatles and Elvis to James Bond and Ronald McDonald. Therefore it is no surprise that the United States and Britain share the world's largest foreign direct investment partnership. American investment in Britain reached $255.4 billion in 2002, while British direct investment in the U.S. added up to a whopping $283.3 billion. This paper explores how and why the two countries worked so closely together in the early 1940s with emphasis on the two iconic personalities of Churchill and Roosevelt, the ups and downs of their political alliance, the seventies during which the relationship apparently swayed apart. The paper also discusses the relationship between Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher in which they championed a new conservative revolution both at home and abroad, and finally the special relationship in the last fifteen years, especially the relationship between Blair and Bush after the September 11 attack and the Iraq war. Since Churchill coined the term "special relationship" it has been used as shorthand for the complex network of links between the United States and Britain. This relationship can be split into three levels which include personal ties between leaders, elite cooperation and mass sentiment. The first one of these is the most common which according to most historians paralleled the personal one that existed between Roosevelt and Churchill. Similarly it was the closeness between Reagan and Thatcher that helped maintain the special relationship between the US and Britain. Even Bush and Blair are said to have close personal ties. The importance of the relationship for the two countries and for international relations is visible when one glances at the world economic order, European security, cold war diplomacy and global containment that this special relationship helped contribute to from the Second World War till the early sixties. Throughout the sixties this special relationship ranged across trade, migration, investment, communication flows, and military linkage just to name a few. Although the relationship was not without its frictions but it was nevertheless important not just to both governments but to the shaping of the post war world. A decade later William Wallace in a study of British foreign policy gave examples of the relationship as "wartime joint American/British boards, informal meetings between political leaders of the two countries, close consultation by diplomatic personnel, military and intelligence service cooperation and other instances of intergovernmental cooperation" (Wallace 1975) The one

At the Benihana Restaurant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

At the Benihana Restaurant - Essay Example We got so curious that we set out on a task to see the different types of kinemes. The analysis we did was in a restaurant called Benihana restaurant. Being a social space we had an excellent chance of making appropriate observations on the various forms, emblems, illustrators, regulators, adaptors, and affect displays of kinesics. Emblems defined as a substitute for words and phrases. Illustrators are gestures that accompany verbal communication. Affect displays defined as gestures that show emotion. Regulators are gestures that control the pace of the conversation. Adopters are the gestures that reduce the tension between two people conversing. On entering the Benihana restaurant, the waiter ushered us in and we noticed that he had put on a broad smile when he was greeting us, and when directing us to the table the waiter used his hand to show as the location of the table reserved for us. We saw nods directed at us by some friends that were present in the restaurant, and this we as sumed was a form of greeting. As we had made an observation of illustrators, the waiter pointing into the direction of the table, the smile he directed to us on the entrance of the restaurant was an affect display and the nods directed to us by our colleagues’ we took them for emblems. ... The welcoming, smile by the waitress is an affect display, and the nod is an emblem. The restaurant was playing jazz music in the background; I could tell that a lot of people in this place loved this genre of music since most people were swaying their head to the flow of the music. A look at the people carrying on with their conversation we could see a lady who from time to time, kept rolling a strand of hair that kept falling on her face, this we assumed was her way of making herself comfortable. Looking around for other gestures, we came up with people tapping on the table, others continuously rubbed their hands together, while others took in deep breaths from time to time. These expressions are what we call adaptors. The affect displays we observed in the room made us know that most of the meetings in that room were romantic dates. We could tell this from the smiles exchanged for couples they were not just ordinary smiles but affectionate smiles. We also observed a couple holding hands from time to time, exchange of different kisses, peck on the cheeks, forehead and the back of the hands all served as affection displays. We also; had a look at the regulators which included people shaking hands before they departed while others exchanged kisses and departed. Some people glanced at their watches signalling the end of the meeting. Among the emblems that we observed in the restaurant included, nods that most of the time we interpreted as ok, a swaying of the head from side to side in a continuous motion meant a no, a lift of the shoulders with the hand spread meant a maybe, waving of hands continuously to say bye. In addition, the thumbs up sign to show agreement could be spotted. We came to a

Othello by Lawrence Fishburne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Othello by Lawrence Fishburne - Essay Example Through Iago, Shakespeare reveals his remarkable understanding of the human psyche. The villain's cold manipulation of the key players in the script like so many puppets on strings chills one to the bone. Iago uses the technique of psychological suggestion to bring about the downfall of Othello. All the characters are merely pawns in Iago's deadly mental game. Everyone calls him "Honest Iago" and no one is wise to the rot in his character. Outwardly Iago shuns violence and plays the peacemaker while in reality he is usually the catalyst responsible for setting off cataclysmic bouts of violence. He passionately refutes dark suspicions which nobody would have entertained if he had not suggested it in the first place. He exploits individual weaknesses, and appeals to the dark side in human nature skillfully undoing the restraining bonds of conscience and decency and finally unleashing the beast that is an integral part of every individual. In this manner Iago goes about bringing his mon strous plot to fruition and plays a direct role in the death of the lovers. Shakespeare's genius lies in his ability to use his understanding of human psychology in the creation of his perfect villain, Iago. It is this feat which raises the text to the lofty realms of brilliance. The work evoked myriad emotions in this writer, pity, anger and a grudging admiration for the machinations of the villainous Iago.

An Overview Of Varanasi Tourism Essay

An Overview Of Varanasi Tourism Essay Varanasi Varanasi, also commonly known as Banaras or Kashi is one of the holiest cities in India and is situated in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated on the west bank of the river Ganga and is one of the oldest, continually inhabited city in the world. Significance Varanasi is believed to have been established by Lord Shiva about 5000 years ago and, in addition to being one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, the city has long been a centre of religion and spiritualism. The city of Varanasi finds a mention in ancient Hindu religious texts and scriptures like the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, Rigveda amongst others. It is holy shrine of Lord Kashi Vishwanath, a manifestation of Lord Shiva and was here that Gautam Buddha was born and Varanasi is perhaps one of the few holy cities that enjoys a revered position among devouts of Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. Attractions Over the years, the city of Varanasi has earned several sobriquets, the city of temples, the city of lights and the city of learning. No wonder then, Varanasi is home to several temples, however, most of these places of worship were destroyed by pillaging Muslim armies of Mahmud of Ghazni and Mohammad Ghori. Varanasi is also home to over one hundred ghats scattered along the banks of river Ganga. The Kashi Vishwanath Temple: This temple was built in 1780 by Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar and encloses the holy Jyotirlinga of Lord Shiva and is said that a view of this Jyotirlinga is makes for a very profound spiritual awakening. The temple is a magnificent piece of architecture and is adorned by ornate carvings. Intricate carvings can also be seen on the dome that is the roof of this temple. Durga Temple: Is another temple of worship and is presided over by Goddess Durga. The temple is home to a large number of monkeys who can be found wandering around in the courtyard and the Durga kund, a small tank near the temple and is therefore, sometimes referred to as Monkey Temple. The temple built in the 18th century is a classic example of the Nagara style of architecture. The Sankat Mochan Temple: The Sankat Mochan temple is dedicated to Lord Hanuman and is one of the popular temples in Varanasi. This temple, unfortunately, was also the site of a vicious terrorist attack but that failed to diminish the faith of the devotees who still throng to this temple in large numbers to pay obeisance to Hanuman. Other Attractions Varanasi is also home to over hundred ghats located along the banks of the Ganga. By day, these ghats witness frantic activity of devotees wanting to take a dip in the holy waters and by evening, these ghats turn into a magnificent spectacle of lights it is here that the Ganga aarti is performed in the evening. How to Reach Varanasi has its own airport, the Babatpur airport, that is about 25 km from the city centre. The city is well connected by rail and road with other cities in India.

Hiding Places :: essays research papers

We go to places of comfort to get away from the burden of harsh realities. People use hiding places of physical means like a closet or library, to maybe think of things they care for and things that make them happy and . Whether it be your bedroom, your closet, you know you can always count on the satisfaction of you hidden place to be there for you and blanket you. No matter what, your hiding place is always going to be easily accessible and very accommodating . People enjoy this because it is a place they can go to for a guaranteed refreshing experience. Someone might resort to their room with the door shut and locked after a break up with a partner and write about the past experiences that they have endured together. The hiding place gives off an aura of familiarity and comfort. Something we can all use in a desperate time. Essentially, a hiding place has to provide a familiar physical stimuli. Hiding places often reside in the pages of literature. Within literature lies the tales of people lives, experiences, and knowledge. People love to play the part in Shakespeare, or be one of the knights from King Arthur’s Round table. It sets them closer to freedom. In books, inhibitions are set free, and people can ultimately be what they want. This is important when someone is feeling insignificant. Everyone needs to feel wanted, loved, and noticed, and if someone can not obtain these needs from someone, they will resort to someWHERE they can. Potential problems for hiding places is the disregard for the realities of the modern world. Someone who spends all there time in books is living there life falsely and will face tasks that they will not be able to conquer due to insecurities. Examples of the insecurities they endure are lack of confidence and lack of trust in others.